Synths and keyboards

Play every key from soft to hard and listen for abnormal velocity response or notes that fail to trigger. If the model supports aftertouch, test it across several areas of the keyboard.

Also check:

• pads;
• pitch bend and modulation controls;
• encoders;
• faders and pots;
• buttons;
• display and touchscreen.

A quick musical test can easily miss one defective key. A systematic scan of the control surface is much more reliable.

If some behaviour depends on the current patch, use several sounds so you do not confuse specific programming with a hardware problem.

Connect at least the main audio outputs and headphones. If your setup depends on particular ports, test those as well.

Depending on the model, check:

• L/R outputs;
• headphones;
• audio inputs;
• sustain and expression;
• MIDI DIN;
• USB;
• CV/Gate inputs and outputs;
• removable media slots where applicable.

Gently move connectors to check that the signal does not drop because of loose jacks.

You do not need to test a port you will never use, but connections that are critical to your setup should be verified before payment whenever possible.

With digital products, hardware operation is only part of the assessment.

Where relevant, verify:

• loading and saving presets;
• internal memory;
• system version;
• boot time and abnormal freezes;
• compatibility with editors or drivers you plan to use;
• any transferable libraries, licences or content.

Do not assume that software, plug-ins or libraries shown in the listing automatically transfer with the hardware.

Ask the seller to clearly distinguish what belongs physically to the instrument from anything tied to separate accounts or licences.